What Is a Normal PSA Level in Detecting Prostate Cancer?
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test serves as a screening tool for prostate cancer, but interpreting the numbers requires context. Many men receive PSA results without fully grasping what they mean for their health. Here is more information about normal PSA levels, what affects these numbers, and when you should discuss concerns with your doctor:
What Are Normal PSA Levels?
PSA levels tend to vary with age, usually being higher in older men. For men under 50, a PSA level below 2.5 ng/mL is generally normal. Men aged 50 to 59 should aim for levels below 3.5 ng/mL, while those aged 60 to 69 can generally have levels up to 4.5 ng/mL. Your baseline is more important than any single number. Some men naturally have higher PSA levels without having cancer, and others may develop cancer even with low PSA readings.
What Influences PSA Readings?
Several factors beyond cancer can influence PSA levels. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate, is typical in older men and typically causes higher PSA readings. This condition affects nearly all men as they age. Inflammation of the prostate can also lead to significant PSA increases.
Recent ejaculation, vigorous exercise, or bicycle riding before testing may temporarily raise PSA levels. Medical procedures like cystoscopy or prostate biopsy can impact PSA readings for several weeks afterward. Certain medications, herbal supplements, and anti-inflammatory drugs may also affect results, although research on these effects is limited.
When Should You Worry?
A single elevated PSA reading does not usually mean you have prostate cancer. Your doctor will probably recommend retesting before deciding on any other procedures. Temporary factors, such as recent illness, medication changes, or laboratory errors, can cause false alarms.
Look at how quickly PSA levels change rather than just the numbers. If your PSA doubles within a year or gradually rises over several tests, your doctor may suggest further tests. These patterns help differentiate between cancer and benign conditions. If you experience symptoms like trouble urinating, blood in urine or semen, pelvic pain, or bone pain along with high PSA levels, seek medical attention immediately. These signs may require prompt evaluation by your healthcare provider.
What Comes Next?
Following an elevated PSA test result, your doctor may suggest additional testing. One such test is the digital rectal exam (DRE), which allows the doctor to physically check the prostate’s size, shape, and texture. When combined with your PSA results, this exam helps determine if further procedures are needed.
More advanced PSA tests offer even more detailed information. For example, PSA density compares your PSA level to your prostate size, while PSA velocity tracks how your levels change over time. These measurements help reduce unnecessary biopsies and detect cancers early.
Supporting Prostate Health
Engaging in regular exercise can help improve prostate health. Men who participate in moderate physical activities tend to have lower rates of aggressive prostate cancer. Activities such as walking, swimming, or cycling for just 30 minutes each day offer noticeable health benefits without the need for intense training.
Get Checked for Prostate Cancer
Understanding PSA levels empowers you to make informed decisions about your health. These numbers provide valuable information, but they’re just one piece of the puzzle. Regular communication with your healthcare provider leads to appropriate monitoring and timely intervention when needed. Schedule annual check-ups starting at age 50 or earlier if you have risk factors. Keep records of your PSA results and discuss any concerns with your doctor. Ask questions about changes in your numbers and what they mean for your health.
